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Zhenjiang dialect
Zhenjiang dialect is a form of Eastern Mandarin spoken in the town of Zhenjiang in Jiangsu Province.〔R. E. Asher, Christopher Moseley, ''(Atlas of the World's Languages )'', Routledge, 2009. See the map on pages 200-201.〕 The town is situated on the south bank of the Yangtze river between Nanjing and Changzhou. It is thus at the intersection of China's Mandarin and Wu speaking regions. About 2.7 million Chinese live in the area where the Zhenjiang dialect is predominant.〔Da Yuan-yi, "(A Review on the Dialect in the Transitional Belt in Zhenjiang )," ''Journal of Jiangsu University'', July 2003.〕
In ancient times, Zhenjiang spoke Wu.〔 Today, Wu is the language of nearby Changzhou, as well as Shanghai and Zhejiang Province. Mandarin speakers from the North have been immigrating to Zhenjiang since the fourth century, gradually changing the character of the local dialect.〔 In modern times, the city speaks a dialect that is transitional between the Eastern Mandarin of Nanjing, located just west of the city, and the Taihu dialect of Wu spoken in Changzhou, which is just east of the city.〔 Zhenjiang dialect is incomprehensible both to Nanjing residents and to Changzhou residents.
The issue of tones in the Zhenjiang dialect has been a topic scholarly study. Nanjing residents use the four tones of Mandarin, while Changzhou residents use seven or eight tones.〔Campbell, James, "(Tones in Wu Dialects )."〕 According to a study by Qui Chunan, Zhenjiang dialect has five citation tones: Tone1 (42) (a sharp fall from pitch 4 to pitch 2, or ''yinping''), Tone2 (35) (a rising tone or ''yangping''), Tone3 (32) (slight falling tone or ''shang''), Tone4 (55) (high even or ''qu''), and Tone5 (5) (checked tone or ''ru'').〔Qui, Chunan. "(Sandhi Patterns of Zhenjiang Dialect )", ''Speech Prosody'', 2012.〕 Qui's study used residents who had grown up in the Daxi Road area, where the standard form of the dialect is said to be spoken.〔 The checked tone was a feature of Chinese spoken in the Middle Ages, but it is not part of Mandarin. Applying the theory of government phonology to the issue, Bao Zhiming noted that non-even tones become even when they appear before the high even, or 55, tone.〔Bao, Zhiming, “(On the nature of tone )”, Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis, MIT, Cambridge, 96-104, 1990.〕
==References==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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